Lincoln MKZ Lincoln MKZ 2017 Volvo XC60 Volvo XC60 2015

We are 103,000+ car owners sharing real-world car information.

Join Us

Lincoln MKZ vs. Volvo XC60 Price Comparison (MSRP)

The sticker prices, before adjusting for remaining feature differences. Usually these are the numbers you will see on the window stickers.

Models in short supply often sell at or even above these prices.

Lincoln MKZ vs. Volvo XC60 Invoice Comparison

Lowest Total Price: $46,805

Lincoln MKZ Select   
Difference: $3,869

Lowest Total Invoice: $44,155

Lincoln MKZ Select   
Difference: $3,491

Calculate Payments

  Down Payment Interest Rate Term
Model Year201720172017201720172015201520152015
ModelMKZMKZMKZMKZMKZXC60XC60XC60XC60
TrimSelectHybrid SelectReserveBlack LabelHybrid Black LabelT53.2T6T6 R-Design
Body4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr SUV4dr SUV4dr SUV4dr SUV
Base Price $36,920 $36,920 $39,670 $47,830 $47,830 $36,400 $37,250 $41,150 $46,950
Base Invoice $35,074 $35,074 $37,488 $44,960 $44,960 $34,216 $35,015 $38,681 $44,133
Revel 14 speakers 1,180 1,180 1,180            
Technology Package 2,395 2,395 2,395 2,395 2,395   1,500    
Select Plus Package 1,255 1,255              
Climate Package 695 695 695 695 695 1,550 1,550 1,550 1,550
Power trunk closer 440 440              
Sunroof, large 2,995 2,995 2,995 1,795 1,795        
Synthetic suede inserts in leather seating surfaces       0 0       0
Platinum Package           7,500 7,100 4,400 4,100
Blind spot warning system           925 900 925 925
Inscription Package           2,300   2,300  
Metallic paint (extra cost)           560 550 560 560
Remote start           499   499 499
Xenon HID headlights             800    
Wood trim             400    
Revel 14 speakers 1,074 1,074 1,074            
Technology Package 2,180 2,180 2,180 2,180 2,180   1,410    
Select Plus Package 1,143 1,143              
Climate Package 633 633 633 633 633 1,457 1,457 1,457 1,457
Power trunk closer 400 400              
Sunroof, large 2,726 2,726 2,726 1,634 1,634        
Synthetic suede inserts in leather seating surfaces       0 0       0
Platinum Package           7,050 6,674 4,136 3,854
Blind spot warning system           870 846 870 870
Inscription Package           2,162   2,162  
Metallic paint (extra cost)           526 517 526 526
Remote start           425   425 425
Xenon HID headlights             752    
Wood trim             376    
Options (change) 8,960 8,960 7,265 4,885 4,885 13,334 12,800 10,234 7,634
Options (change) 8,156 8,156 6,613 4,447 4,447 12,490 12,032 9,576 7,132
Destination 925 925 925 925 925 940 925 940 940
Total Price $46,805 $46,805 $47,860 $53,640 $53,640 $50,674 $50,975 $52,324 $55,524
Total Invoice $44,155 $44,155 $45,026 $50,332 $50,332 $47,646 $47,972 $49,197 $52,205

Return to top

While we strive for accuracy, the site is not error-free, and prices can change at any time.

Dealer Price Quotes

Want to find out how much dealers are willing to discount these cars?

Request free, no-obligation Lincoln MKZ dealer quotes or Volvo XC60 dealer quotes from dealers using our car quote form.

The process is easy and takes just a minute or two. You'll receive price quotes from local approved dealers within 48 hours.

TrueDelta Value Comparison: Lincoln MKZ vs. Volvo XC60

Lowest Adjusted Price and Invoice: Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Select
TrueDelta Adjusted Price Difference: $2,360
TrueDelta Adjusted Invoice Difference: $2,114
Model Year201720172017201720172015201520152015
ModelMKZMKZMKZMKZMKZXC60XC60XC60XC60
TrimSelectHybrid SelectReserveBlack LabelHybrid Black LabelT53.2T6T6 R-Design
Body4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr SUV4dr SUV4dr SUV4dr SUV
Engine245hp I4141hp I4 H245hp I4245hp I4141hp I4 H240hp I4240hp I6302hp I4325hp I6
TransmissionT6CVTT6T6CVTT8T6T8T6
DrivetrainFWDFWDFWDFWDFWDFWDAWDFWDAWD
EPA Fuel Economy (city/highway)/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG/ MPG
Audio (watts, speakers)?, 14?, 14?, 14?, 20?, 20650, 12650, 12650, 12650, 12
Tire (rear if not all the same)245/45-18245/45-18245/40-19245/40-19245/40-19235/60-18235/60-18235/60-18255/45-20
Total Price$46,805$46,805$47,860$53,640$53,640$50,674$50,975$52,324$55,524
Adjustments for Features0-150-350-2,350-2,250-1,610-1,960-1,710-1,985
Feature-Adjusted Total Price$46,805$46,655$47,510$51,290$51,390$49,064$49,015$50,614$53,539
Cost Above Minimum$150$0$855$4,635$4,735$49$0$1,599$4,524
Total Invoice$44,155$44,155$45,026$50,332$50,332$47,646$47,972$49,197$52,205
Adjustments for Features0-142-329-2,205-2,111-1,514-1,845-1,608-1,866
Feature-Adjusted Total Invoice$44,155$44,013$44,697$48,127$48,221$46,132$46,127$47,589$50,339
Cost Above Minimum$142$0$684$4,114$4,208$5$0$1,462$4,212

Return to top

Features Comparison: Lincoln MKZ vs. Volvo XC60

Model Year201720172017201720172015201520152015
ModelMKZMKZMKZMKZMKZXC60XC60XC60XC60
TrimSelectHybrid SelectReserveBlack LabelHybrid Black LabelT53.2T6T6 R-Design
Body4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr Sedan4dr SUV4dr SUV4dr SUV4dr SUV
Transmission and Drivetrain 
6-speed manually-shiftable automatic$1100 $1100$1100  $1100 $1100
CVT $1000  $1000    
8-speed manually-shiftable automatic     $1300 $1300 
FWD$0$0$0$0$0$0 $0 
AWD      $1700 $1700
Accessories 
AC power outlet$100$100$100$100$100    
Active noise reduction$0$0$0$0$0    
Keyless entry keypad$50$50$50$50$50    
Power liftgate     $350$350$350$350
Power trunk closer$350$350$350$350$350    
Remote app  $25$25$25$25 $25$25
Remote climate control  $25$25$25    
Remote window/roof operation$15$15$15$15$15    
Semi-automated parking system$500$500$500$500$500    
Tilt/telescoping steering wheel, manual     $250$250$250$250
Tilt/telescoping steering wheel, power$350$350$350$350$350    
Brakes, Airbags, and Other Safety 
911 assist$25$25$25$25$25    
Active or whiplash-reducing head restraints, front seats     $0$0$0$0
Cyclist detection     $25$25$25$25
Hill descent control      $250 $250
Inflatable rear seat belts   $200$200    
Knee airbag, driver$75$75$75$75$75    
Knee airbag, passenger$75$75$75$75$75    
Lane departure prevention, steering-based$200$200$200$200$200$200$200$200 
Rollover sensor     $50$50$50$50
Safety key$5$5$5$5$5    
Security status communicator      $50  
Temporary spare tire$150$150$150$150 $150$150$150$150
Torque vectoring, brake-based     $100$100$100$100
Vehicle health reports$0$0$0$0$0    
Cargo Management 
Aluminum roof rails     $250$250$250$250
Cargo cover     $75$75$75$75
Cargo organizer     $100$100$100$100
Console with shifter     $150$150$150$150
Console without shifter$150$150$150$150$150    
Overhead sunglass holder$25$25$25$25$25    
Rear seat pass-through$100$100$100$100$100    
Climate Control 
Automatic air recirculation     $100$100$100$100
Electrically heated windshield     $250$250$250$250
Heated windshield washer nozzles     $15$15$15$15
Rear wiper     $175$175$175$175
Wiper de-icer$25$25$25$25$25    
Engine / Motor 
Automatic start / stop $150  $150$150 $150 
Regenerative braking     $0$0$0$0
Exterior 
Deep-tinted rear windows     $275$275$275$275
Laminated front side windows$200$200$200$200$200    
Panoramic sunroof     $1200$1200$1200$1200
Rear bumper protector     $40$40$40$40
Rear spoiler     $200$200$200$200
Sunroof, large$1100$1100$1100$1100$1100    
Infotainment 
Android Auto support$100$100$100$100$100    
App support$0$0$0$0$0$0 $0$0
Apple CarPlay support$100$100$100$100$100    
Concierge Services - 4 year subscription   $200$200    
DVD-compatible player     $0$0$0$0
In-vehicle Internet     $150 $150$150
SMS text-to-speech reader$25$25$25$25$25$25 $25$25
Telematics service, such as OnStar     $200 $200$200
Traffic + travel information$25$25$25$25$25    
Traffic information     $25$25$25$25
Voice control for external devices$0$0$0$0$0    
Wi-Fi hotspot     $50 $50$50
Instruments, Lights, and Mirrors 
Approach detection$25$25$25$25$25    
Auto-dimming passenger-side mirror     $75$75$75$75
Detailed driving style feedback $100  $100    
Fog light, rear     $100$100$100$100
Fog lights$125$125$125$125$125    
Headlight washers     $50$50$50$50
LED headlights   $1000$1000    
Mirror tilt-down in reverse     $25$25$25$25
Road sign information     $75$75$75$75
Xenon HID headlights$500$500$500  $500$500$500$500
Seats and Interior Trim 
Aluminum trim        $100
Cooled or ventilated front seats  $300$300$300    
Door sill trim plates     $100$100$100$100
Folding passenger seat      $150  
Illuminated door sill trim plates$200$200$200$200$200    
Leather door panel trim   $250$250$250$250$250$250
Metal pedals        $75
Power-folding headrests, second row seats     $50$50$50$50
Synthetic suede headliner   $650$650    
Synthetic suede inserts in leather seating surfaces   $0$0   $0
Upgraded floor mats   $0$0    
Upholstered instrument cluster hood, leather   $200$200    
Upholstered instrument panel, leather     $1000 $1000 
Wood trim$300$300$300  $300$300$300 
Wood trim, alternative type   $300$300    
Suspension, Wheels, and Tires 
Adaptive dampers - electrical$500$500$500$500$500    
Electronic systems calibration selector$200$200$200$200$200    
Performance steering system (optional)        $0
Sport suspension (upgrade)        $0
Transmission 
Steering-wheel-mounted transmission controls$100$100$100$100   $100$100
Total Value of Features$6,795$6,945$7,145$9,145$9,045$8,405$8,755$8,505$8,780
Value of Feature Adjustments$0$150$350$2,350$2,250$1,610$1,960$1,710$1,985
Value of Feature Adjustments0-142-329-2,205-2,111-1,514-1,845-1,608-1,866

Return to top

Specifications Comparison: Lincoln MKZ vs. Volvo XC60

Model Year20172015
ModelMKZXC60
Body4dr Sedan4dr SUV
Wheelbase112.2 in109.2 in
Length193.9 in182.8 in
Width73.4 in74.4 in
Height58.1 in67.4 in
Curb Weight3,740 lb.4,042 lb.
Fuel Capacity16.5 gal.18.5 gal.
Row 1 Headroom37.9 in39.1 in
Row 1 Shoulder Room57.7 in56.7 in
Row 1 Hip Room55.1 in54.2 in
Row 1 Legroom41.8 in41.2 in
Row 2 Headroom36.6 in39.5 in
Row 2 Shoulder Room55.3 in55.2 in
Row 2 Hip Room53.8 in53.8 in
Row 2 Legroom37.0 in36.4 in
Cargo Volume,
Minimum
15.4 ft330.8 ft3
Cargo Volume,
Maximum
15.467.4 ft3

Return to top

Option Package Details
Lincoln MKZ Select

Technology Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Semi-automated parking system500No
Automatic braking, low-speed200Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed or partial200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Total Requested215081%
Total Not Requested50019%
Select Plus Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Navigation system600Yes
Voice control for nav and audio75Yes
Blind spot warning system200Yes
Traffic + travel information25No
Rear cross-traffic detection100Yes
Total Requested97598%
Total Not Requested252%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated second row seats200Yes
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Wiper de-icer25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Total Requested60096%
Total Not Requested254%

Option Package Details
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Select

Technology Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Semi-automated parking system500No
Automatic braking, low-speed200Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed or partial200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Total Requested215081%
Total Not Requested50019%
Select Plus Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Navigation system600Yes
Voice control for nav and audio75Yes
Blind spot warning system200Yes
Traffic + travel information25No
Rear cross-traffic detection100Yes
Total Requested97598%
Total Not Requested252%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated second row seats200Yes
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Wiper de-icer25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Total Requested60096%
Total Not Requested254%

Option Package Details
Lincoln MKZ Reserve

Technology Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Semi-automated parking system500No
Automatic braking, low-speed200Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed or partial200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Total Requested215081%
Total Not Requested50019%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated second row seats200Yes
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Wiper de-icer25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Total Requested60096%
Total Not Requested254%

Option Package Details
Lincoln MKZ Black Label

Technology Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Semi-automated parking system500No
Automatic braking, low-speed200Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed or partial200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Total Requested215081%
Total Not Requested50019%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated second row seats200Yes
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Wiper de-icer25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Total Requested60096%
Total Not Requested254%

Option Package Details
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Black Label

Technology Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Semi-automated parking system500No
Automatic braking, low-speed200Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed or partial200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Total Requested215081%
Total Not Requested50019%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated second row seats200Yes
Rain-sensing wipers100Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Wiper de-icer25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Total Requested60096%
Total Not Requested254%

Option Package Details
Volvo XC60 T5

Blind spot warning system
FeatureValueRequested?
Blind spot warning system200Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Obstacle detection, rear250Yes
Rear cross-traffic detection100Yes
Total Requested700100%
Total Not Requested00%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated front seats200Yes
Heated second row seats200Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Heated windshield washer nozzles15No
Automatic air recirculation100No
Electrically heated windshield250No
Total Requested50058%
Total Not Requested36542%
Platinum Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Steering-linked headlights150Yes
Xenon HID headlights500Yes
Auto-dimming driver-side mirror75Yes
Headlight washers50No
Surround sound250Yes
Auto-dimming passenger-side mirror75No
Interior ambient lighting150Yes
Harman/Kardon, 650W, 12 speakers350No
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Road sign information75No
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Cyclist detection25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Power liftgate350No
Proximity key250Yes
Rearview camera200Yes
Cargo cover75No
Compass0Yes
Cargo organizer100No
Power-folding mirrors50Yes
Mirror tilt-down in reverse25No
Universal garage door opener100Yes
Voice control for nav and audio100Yes
Traffic information25Yes
Navigation system600Yes
Auto-dimming rearview mirror150Yes
Deep-tinted rear windows275No
Panoramic sunroof1200No
Aluminum roof rails0No
Leather door panel trim250Yes
Large color reconfigurable instrument cluster display250Yes
Leather seating surfaces900Yes
Total Requested590069%
Total Not Requested260031%
Inscription Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Upgraded leather upholstery0No
Wood trim300Yes
Leather upholstery, extended coverage0No
Power lumbar adjuster, driver seat100Yes
Power lumbar adjuster, passenger seat100Yes
Dark-colored headliner (optional)0No
Upholstered instrument panel, leather1000No
Total Requested50033%
Total Not Requested100067%

Option Package Details
Volvo XC60 3.2

Xenon HID headlights
FeatureValueRequested?
Xenon HID headlights500Yes
Steering-linked headlights150Yes
Headlight washers50No
Total Requested65093%
Total Not Requested507%
Blind spot warning system
FeatureValueRequested?
Blind spot warning system200Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Obstacle detection, rear250Yes
Rear cross-traffic detection100Yes
Total Requested700100%
Total Not Requested00%
Platinum Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Navigation system600Yes
Auto-dimming driver-side mirror75Yes
Surround sound250Yes
Voice control for nav and audio100Yes
Auto-dimming passenger-side mirror75No
Traffic information25Yes
Mirror tilt-down in reverse25No
Interior ambient lighting150Yes
Unbranded, 650W, 12 speakers (with subwoofer)350No
Rearview camera200Yes
Power liftgate350No
Folding passenger seat150No
Cargo cover75No
Compass0Yes
Cargo organizer100No
Power-folding mirrors50Yes
Universal garage door opener100Yes
Auto-dimming rearview mirror150Yes
Deep-tinted rear windows275No
Panoramic sunroof1200No
Aluminum roof rails0No
Leather door panel trim250Yes
Large color reconfigurable instrument cluster display250Yes
Leather seating surfaces900Yes
Proximity key250Yes
Security status communicator50No
Remote start150Yes
Total Requested350057%
Total Not Requested265043%
Technology Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Road sign information75No
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Cyclist detection25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Total Requested190095%
Total Not Requested1005%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated front seats200Yes
Heated second row seats200Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Heated windshield washer nozzles15No
Automatic air recirculation100No
Electrically heated windshield250No
Total Requested50058%
Total Not Requested36542%

Option Package Details
Volvo XC60 T6

Blind spot warning system
FeatureValueRequested?
Blind spot warning system200Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Obstacle detection, rear250Yes
Rear cross-traffic detection100Yes
Total Requested700100%
Total Not Requested00%
Inscription Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Upgraded leather upholstery0No
Wood trim300Yes
Leather upholstery, extended coverage0No
Power lumbar adjuster, driver seat100Yes
Power lumbar adjuster, passenger seat100Yes
Dark-colored headliner (optional)0No
Upholstered instrument panel, leather1000No
Total Requested50033%
Total Not Requested100067%
Platinum Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Steering-linked headlights150Yes
Xenon HID headlights500Yes
Auto-dimming driver-side mirror75Yes
Headlight washers50No
Surround sound250Yes
Auto-dimming passenger-side mirror75No
Interior ambient lighting150Yes
Harman/Kardon, 650W, 12 speakers350No
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Road sign information75No
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Cyclist detection25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Power liftgate350No
Rearview camera200Yes
Cargo cover75No
Compass0Yes
Cargo organizer100No
Power-folding mirrors50Yes
Mirror tilt-down in reverse25No
Universal garage door opener100Yes
Total Requested337575%
Total Not Requested112525%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated front seats200Yes
Heated second row seats200Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Heated windshield washer nozzles15No
Automatic air recirculation100No
Electrically heated windshield250No
Total Requested50058%
Total Not Requested36542%

Option Package Details
Volvo XC60 T6 R-Design

Blind spot warning system
FeatureValueRequested?
Blind spot warning system200Yes
Obstacle detection, front150Yes
Obstacle detection, rear250Yes
Rear cross-traffic detection100Yes
Total Requested700100%
Total Not Requested00%
Platinum Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Auto-dimming driver-side mirror75Yes
Surround sound250Yes
Auto-dimming passenger-side mirror75No
Interior ambient lighting150Yes
Harman/Kardon, 650W, 12 speakers350No
Radar- or camera-based collision preparation system0Yes
Lane departure warning system200Yes
Adaptive cruise control, all-speed700Yes
Driver drowsiness monitor150Yes
Automatic braking, high-speed200Yes
Forward collision warning200Yes
Road sign information75No
Pedestrian detection50Yes
Cyclist detection25No
Auto-dimming headlights200Yes
Lane departure prevention system, steering-based200Yes
Power liftgate350No
Rearview camera200Yes
Cargo cover75No
Compass0Yes
Cargo organizer100No
Power-folding mirrors50Yes
Mirror tilt-down in reverse25No
Universal garage door opener100Yes
Total Requested272572%
Total Not Requested107528%
Climate Package
FeatureValueRequested?
Heated front seats200Yes
Heated second row seats200Yes
Heated steering wheel100Yes
Heated windshield washer nozzles15No
Automatic air recirculation100No
Electrically heated windshield250No
Total Requested50058%
Total Not Requested36542%

Was this information useful?

We're glad we could help! Share this page:

We're so sorry! Tell us how we can improve it.

See TrueDelta's information for all Sedans
See TrueDelta's information for all Lincoln models.